Evaluation of a Training Program on Gender Mainstreaming in Health Research Evaluation at the Senegalese National Research Ethics Committee.

Health research must be of high ethical and scientific quality and consider the needs and experiences of women, men, and nonbinary individuals. National Research Ethics Committees (RECs) are in a strategic position to impede sex- and gender-blind research. In 2020 and 2021, training programs on gender mainstreaming and sex and gender approaches in research evaluation were launched in Senegal. They were evaluated through a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. Knowledge acquisition was 16.67%, 8.54%, and 28.42% for the trainees of 2021, 2020, and those who attended the training in both years, respectively. Gender mainstreaming was reported as pertinent in research ethics by 74% of participants. This training is expected to catalyze gender-transformative research ethics in West Africa.

Diversidad de género en la vejez / Gender diversity in old age

Objetivo: Analizar las publicaciones científicas relacionadas con la diversidad de género en la vejez en América Latina, a través de una revisión de la literatura, con el fin de identificar objetivos, conclusiones y metodologías de abordaje, así como los aspectos que pueden generar interés para el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre la temática. Metodología: La revisión se realizó en las bases de datos que integran EBSCO, además de la Biblioteca Cochrane y PubMed. Se incluyeron publicaciones que implicaban explícitamente a personas mayores y diversidad de género en su título y/o resultados relevantes en esta población, y que se hayan realizado en el contexto latinoamericano, en el período comprendido entre los meses de enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2022. Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 86 artículos, de los que 11 formaron la muestra final. El país con mayor número de publicaciones fue Brasil, predominando las metodologías cualitativas en el caso de artículos originales. Se identificaron diferentes aspectos relacionados con la interseccionalidad y la temática de estudio. Conclusiones: Se requiere mayor abordaje de la temática en el contexto latinoamericano, con el fin de generar políticas públicas en la vejez, desde las que se reconozca a las personas mayores pertenecientes a las disidencias sexuales.(AU)

Objective: To analyze scientific publications related to gender diversity in old age in Latin America through a literature search to identify objectives, conclusions, and approach methodologies, as well as those aspects that may generate interest for the development of research on the subject. Methodology: The literature search included the databases of EBSCO, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed. In addition, publications that explicitly focus on the elderly population and gender diversity were considered, including those that present relevant results on these topics conducted in the Latin American context from January 2012 to December 2022. Results: There were 86 articles, of which 11 were part of the final sample. Most of the publications were from Brazil, with a predominance of qualitative methodologies in the case of original articles. It was identified different aspects related to intersectionality and the theme of the study. Conclusions: It is necessary to approach the issue in the Latin American context, to generate public policies on old age, which recognize older persons belonging to sexual dissident groups.(AU)

Adolescents and Young Adults Evaluating a Website for Affective-Sexual Information and Education: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Today's young people have long been demanding a paradigm shift in the emotional and sexual education they receive. While for them, affective-sexual and gender diversity is already a reality, the sexual and reproductive health professionals they encounter lack sufficient training. The digital devices and affective-sexual education websites aimed at today's young people must also be thoroughly evaluated. The website Sexe Joves is a website on sexuality by the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia (Spain). It is designed for people aged 14 to 25 years. It currently needs to undergo a process of evaluation. Affective-sexual education aimed at young people must stem from their participation and the whole range of sexual and gender diversity in order to reach the entire population equally. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the website Sexe Joves as a source of affective-sexual health information, education, and communication for young people. It takes into account sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and location within Catalonia (urban, semiurban, and rural areas). METHODS: This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study that forms part of a larger mixed methods study. An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect data. In total, 1830 participants were included. The study was carried out simultaneously in all the territorial administrations of Catalonia. RESULTS: Almost 30% of the sample obtained were young people who experience affective-sexual and gender diversity. Of those surveyed, only 14.2% (n=260) said they were familiar with the website and of these, 6.5% said they used it (n=114). The website content rated most indispensable was on sexual abuse, harassment, and violence, followed by sexually transmitted infections; 70.5% (n=1200) reported that they visit pornographic websites. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study will contribute to the design of new strategies for the website Sexe Joves, a public health resource, in order to improve affective sexual education for young people. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.3390/ijerph192416586.

Beyond gender mainstreaming: transforming humanitarian action, organizations and culture.

The United Nations and major humanitarian organizations have made policy commitments to promote gender equality and empower women and girls. This study assesses the extent to which humanitarian responses have met these commitments based on reviews of gender mainstreaming, textual analysis of policy and program cycle documents, and interviews with humanitarian actors. The analysis reveals that while gender mainstreaming may raise awareness and make fixes at the margins, its focus has been limited to altering internal processes rather than emphasizing results for women and men and girls and boys. Our study also analyzes the cultural and institutional context in which gender mainstreaming takes place. The culture of humanitarian organizations has been characterized as hierarchical and driven by a short-term crisis response with a distinctly macho style of functioning, which is misaligned with gender mainstreaming. We propose replacing gender mainstreaming with a results-focused approach rooted in behavioral science that uses evidence of the conscious and non-conscious drivers of human behavior to address problems, alongside other efforts to change the internal culture of humanitarian organizations.

Gender mainstreaming in sweetpotato breeding in Uganda: a case study.

Purpose: In Uganda, sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is typically a "woman's crop," grown, processed, stored and also mainly consumed by smallholder farmers for food and income. Farmers value sweetpotato for its early maturity, resilience to stresses, and minimal input requirements. However, productivity remains low despite the effort of breeding programs to introduce new varieties. Low uptake of new varieties is partly attributed to previous focus by breeders on agronomic traits and much less on quality traits and the diverse preferences of men and women in sweetpotato value chains. Method: To address this gap, breeders, food scientists, and social scientists (including gender specialists) systematically mainstreamed gender into the breeding program. This multidisciplinary approach, grounded in examining gender roles and their relationship with varietal and trait preferences, integrated important traits into product profiles. Results: Building on earlier efforts of participatory plant breeding and participatory varietal selection, new interventions showed subtle but important gender differences in preferences. For instance, in a study for the RTBFoods project, women prioritized mealiness, sweetness, firmness and non-fibrous boiled roots. These were further subjected to a rigorous gender analysis using the G+ product profile query tool. The breeding pipelines then incorporated these gender-responsive priority quality traits, prompting the development of standard operating procedures to phenotype these traits. Conclusion: Following an all-inclusive approach coupled with training of multidisciplinary teams involving food scientists, breeders, biochemists, gender specialists and social scientists, integration into participatory variety selection in Uganda enabled accentuation of women and men's trait preferences, contributing to clearer breeding targets. The research has positioned sweetpotato breeding to better respond to the varying needs and preferences of the users.

Igualdade de gênero dos ODM aos ODS: avaliações feministas / Igualdad de género de los ODM a los ODS: análisis feministas / Gender equality from the MDGs to the SDGs: a feminist analysis

Resumo Há décadas, o feminismo impulsiona uma agenda de igualdade de gênero nas políticas de desenvolvimento. Os feminismos decolonial e interseccional, por exemplo, têm invocado uma agenda antirracista e anticolonial. As demandas das mulheres têm encontrado diferentes graus de incorporação em planos internacionais, como os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Nesse cenário, este trabalho comparou a igualdade de gênero nos ODM e nos ODS para analisar seus avanços e desafios frente à agenda da transversalidade de gênero e a demandas interseccionais e decoloniais. Para isso, foi realizada pesquisa documental sobre objetivos, metas e resultados dos ODM e objetivos e metas dos ODS. Os resultados indicam que os ODS avançam por serem mais ambiciosos que os ODM e por adotarem abordagem mais abrangente e mais transversal sobre a igualdade de gênero. Entretanto, há importantes lacunas quanto à operacionalização de uma análise das desigualdades de gênero que considere as intersecções das distintas formas de discriminação que afetam os diferentes grupos de mulheres.

Resumen Durante décadas, el feminismo ha impulsado una agenda de igualdad de género en las políticas de desarrollo. Los feminismos decoloniales e interseccionales, por ejemplo, han impulsado una agenda antirracista y anticolonial. Las demandas de las mujeres han encontrado diferentes grados de incorporación en los planes internacionales, como los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). En este escenario, este trabajo comparó la igualdad de género en los ODM y los ODS para analizar sus avances y desafíos frente a la agenda de transversalización de género y las demandas interseccionales y decoloniales. Para ello se realizó una investigación documental sobre objetivos, metas y resultados de los ODM y objetivos y metas de los ODS. Los resultados indican que los ODS avanzan por ser más ambiciosos que los ODM y por adoptar un enfoque más amplio y transversal de la igualdad de género. Sin embargo, existen vacíos importantes en la operacionalización de un abordaje de las desigualdades de género que considere las intersecciones de las distintas formas de discriminación que afectan a distintos grupos de mujeres.

Abstract For decades, feminism has driven a gender equality agenda in development policies. Decolonial and intersectional feminisms, for example, have played an anti-racist and anti-colonial agenda. Women's demands have found different degrees of incorporation into international plans, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this scenario, this work compared gender equality in the MDGs and the SDGs to analyze their advances and challenges in the face of the gender mainstreaming agenda and intersectional and decolonial demands. Documental research was carried out on the objectives, targets, and results of the MDGs and the objectives and targets of the SDGs. The results indicate that the SDGs are more ambitious than the MDGs by adopting a broader and more transversal approach to gender equality. However, there are important gaps in operationalizing an approach to gender inequalities that considers the intersections of different forms of discrimination that affect different groups of women.

"At the Root of COVID Grew a More Complicated Situation": A Qualitative Analysis of the Guatemalan Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response System during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A growing body of literature has documented an increased risk of gender-based violence (GBV) within the context of COVID-19 and service providers' reduced capacity to address this vulnerability. Less examined are the system-level impacts of the pandemic on the GBV sector in low- and middle-income countries. Drawing on the perspectives of 18 service providers working across various GBV-related sectors in Guatemala, we explored how the Guatemalan GBV prevention and response system operated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings highlight that the pandemic reinforced survivors' existing adversities (inadequate transportation access, food insecurity, digital divides), which subsequently reduced access to reporting, justice, and support. Consequently, the GBV prevention and response system had to absorb the responsibility of securing survivors' essential social determinants of health, further limiting already inflexible budgets. The pandemic also imposed new challenges, such as service gridlocks, that negatively affected survivors' system navigation and impaired service providers' abilities to efficiently receive reports and mobilize harm reduction and prevention programming. The findings underscore the systemic challenges faced by GBV service providers and the need to incorporate gender mainstreaming across public service sectors-namely, transportation and information/communication-to improve lifesaving GBV service delivery for Guatemalan survivors, particularly survivors in rural/remote regions.

Gender equality in the 21st century: Overcoming barriers to women's leadership in global health.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the significant role that women play in providing global health care, barriers encountered to achieving gender equality in global health leadership, and to propose key recommendations for advancing gender equality in global health decision-making through the integration of gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative leadership (GTL) approaches. METHOD: Data were evaluated to determine the participation rate of women in global health care and social sector roles in comparison to men. Gender equality data from the United Nations, World Health Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and other resources were analyzed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on gender equality with an emphasis on women in global health leadership positions, the health care and social sector, and gender equality measures for girls and women throughout the world. The literature was examined to identify persistent barriers to gender equality in global health leadership positions. Additionally, a review of the literature was conducted to identify key strategies and recommendations for achieving gender equality in global health decision-making; integrating gender mainstreaming; conducting gender-based analysis; and adopting GTL programs, incentives, and policies to advance gender equality in global health organizations. FINDINGS: Women represent 70% of the health and social care sector global workforce but only 25% of senior global health leadership roles. Since 2018, there has been a lack of meaningful change in the gender equality policy arenas at global health organizations that has led to significant increases in women serving in global leadership decision-making senior positions. During the pandemic in 2020, there were nearly 100 open vacancies-one-quarter of CEO and board chair positions-at global health organizations, but none were filled by women. Women disproportionately provide caregiving and unpaid care work, and the pandemic has increased this burden with women spending 15 hours a week more on domestic labor than men. A lack of uniform, state-sponsored paid parental leave and support for childcare, eldercare, and caregiving, which is overwhelmingly assumed by women, serve as major barriers to gender parity in global health leadership and the career advancement of women. CONCLUSION: The pandemic has adversely impacted women in global health care and social sector roles. During the pandemic, there has been a widening of the gender pay gap, a lack of gains for women in global health leadership positions, an increase in caregiving responsibilities for women, and more women and girls have been pushed back into extreme poverty than men and boys. Globally, there is still resistance to women serving in senior leadership roles, and social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, and restrictions on women's rights are deeply intertwined with barriers that reinforce gender inequality in global health leadership. To ensure comprehensive human rights and that equitable workforce opportunities are available, the concept of gender equality must be expanded within the global health community to consistently include not only women and girls and men and boys, but also persons who identify as nonbinary and gender nonconforming. Efforts to eliminate remnants of systemic and structural gender discrimination must also incorporate gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative approaches to achieve gender equality throughout global health systems and organizations.

Transversalidade de gênero em políticas públicas no Rio Grande do Norte (2003-2021) / Transversalidad de género en las políticas públicas de Rio Grande do Norte (2003-2021) / Gender mainstreaming in public policies in Rio Grande do Norte (2003-2021)

Resumo O artigo investiga as condições institucionais para a transversalidade de gênero em políticas para mulheres e população LGBTQIA+ no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), em suas desarticulações com o Governo Federal, no período de 2003 a 2021. Para isso, realizamos um process tracing das condições institucionais (instâncias e mecanismos) no Rio Grande do Norte, com base em documentos e entrevistas, considerando três níveis de articulação da transversalidade de gênero (intersetorial; participativa e federativa). Os resultados indicam que a estruturação de condições institucionais combinou avanços e descontinuidades, cuja trajetória teve na orientação ideológica dos governos fator decisivo. Não identificamos um sistema federativo de transversalidade de gênero, caracterizado por dinâmicas colaborativas e dialógicas entre entes federativos. Quando existente, a articulação federativa aproximou-se de um padrão top-down, por meio, principalmente, da indução. Esses achados apontam potencialidades e limites das condições institucionais para a transversalidade de gênero de forma perene.

Resumen El artículo investiga las condiciones institucionales para la transversalidad de género en las políticas para las mujeres y LGBTQIA+ en el Estado de Rio Grande do Norte (RN), en su (des)articulación con el Gobierno Federal, de 2003 a 2021. Para ello, realizamos un process tracing de las condiciones institucionales de las políticas (instancias y mecanismos) en RN, a partir de documentos y entrevistas, considerando tres niveles de articulación (intersectorial, participativo y federativo). Los resultados sugieren que la estructuración de las condiciones institucionales estuvo marcada por una combinación de avances y discontinuidades, cuya trayectoria tuvo un factor determinante en la orientación ideológica de los gobiernos. No identificamos un sistema federal de transversalidad de género, con dinámicas colaborativas y dialógicas entre las entidades federativas. Cuando existió, la articulación federativa se acercó a un patrón top down, principalmente a través de la inducción. Estos hallazgos apuntan potencialidades y límites de las condiciones institucionales para la perennidad de la transversalidad de género.

Abstract The article investigates the institutional conditions for gender mainstreaming in policies for women and the LGBTQIA+ population in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), regarding their (dis)connection with the Federal Government, from 2003 to 2021. Based on documents and interviews, we carried out process-tracing of the institutional conditions of these policies (entities and mechanisms) in RN, considering three coordination levels (intersectoral, participatory, and federative). The results indicate that the structuring of institutional conditions was marked by a combination of advances and discontinuities of which the ideological orientation of governments was the decisive factor. We did not identify a federative system of gender mainstreaming characterized by collaborative and dialogic dynamics between federative entities. When present, federative coordination favoured a top-down approach, mainly through induction. These findings point to the potential and limits of institutional conditions for gender mainstreaming in a sustainable fashion.

Institutional gender mainstreaming in health in UN Agencies: Promising strategies and ongoing challenges.

While the United Nations has long implemented strategies to tackle deep-rooted gender-based inequalities and discrimination in its programmes and policies, there is limited evidence on successful strategies to foster institutional structures and practices that promote gender equality or institutional gender mainstreaming. This paper explores and analyses the experience of institutional gender mainstreaming within UN Agencies working on global health, highlighting potential areas for learning. Overall, progress on institutional gender mainstreaming has been modest, with slow increases (if any) in investments in financial and human resources. The findings highlight the importance of well-established strategies, such as enforcing accountability, a robust gender architecture, and a cohesive capacity-building policy. Drawing on the experiences of gender experts, the paper shows that equally or more critical to the success of institutional gender mainstreaming were approaches such as leveraging strategic internal and external support and identifying strategic entry points for gender mainstreaming. There is considerable scope for strengthening gender mainstreaming within UN Agencies by reviewing and learning from UN system successes. In addition to learning from practice, the way forward lies in making visible and developing strategies to challenge embedded patriarchal organisational norms and systems.

Implementing Indigenous Gender-Based Analysis in Research: Principles, Practices and Lessons Learned.

Numerous tools for addressing gender inequality in governmental policies, programs, and research have emerged across the globe. Unfortunately, such tools have largely failed to account for the impacts of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples' lives and lands. In Canada, Indigenous organizations have advanced gender-based analysis frameworks that are culturally-grounded and situate the understanding of gender identities, roles, and responsibilities within and across diverse Indigenous contexts. However, there is limited guidance on how to integrate Indigenous gender-based frameworks in the context of research. The authors of this paper are participants of a multi-site research program investigating intersectoral spaces of Indigenous-led renewable energy development within Canada. Through introspective methods, we reflected on the implementation of gender considerations into our research team's governance and research activities. We found three critical lessons: (1) embracing Two-Eyed Seeing or Etuaptmumk while making space for Indigenous leadership; (2) trusting the expertise that stems from the lived experiences and relationships of researchers and team members; and (3) shifting the emphasis from 'gender-based analysis' to 'gender-based relationality' in the implementation of gender-related research considerations. Our research findings provide a novel empirical example of the day-to-day principles and practices that may arise when implementing Indigenous gender-based analysis frameworks in the context of research.

[Gender equality and health equity: strategic lessons from country experiences of gender mainstreaming in healthIgualdade de gênero e equidade em saúde: lições estratégicas de experiências de país na integração do gênero na saúde]. / Igualdad de género y equidad en salud: lecciones estratégicas de las experiencias de los países en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la salud.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze progress in organizational structures, mechanisms, strategies, and enabling factors and barriers towards gender mainstreaming (GM) in health in Guatemala, Guyana, and Peru, given GM's role in addressing gender inequalities in health as a key structural driver of health equity. METHODS: Data was obtained through a grey literature review of laws, policies, and/or program documents and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 37 informants. Analysis was based on a theoretical framework including 7 categories considered essential to advance GM in the health sector. RESULTS: Despite significant efforts and accumulated experiences of GM in health, structural barriers include: wider societal challenges of transforming gender unequal power relations; health system complexity combined with the low technical, political, and financial capacity of institutional structures tasked with GM; and limited coordination with (often weak) National Women's Machineries (NWMs). In some contexts, barriers are compounded by limited understanding of basic concepts underlying GM (at times exacerbated by misunderstandings related to intersectionality and/or engagement with men) and the absence of indicators to measure GM's concrete results and impact. CONCLUSIONS: Successful GM requires a more strategic and transformational agenda, developed and implemented in coordination with NWMs and civil society and with reference to external bodies (e.g. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) to go beyond process, with clearer distinction between gender sensitivity and gender transformation, and definition of expected results and indicators to measure advances. These then could be better documented and systematized, enabling GM to be more broadly understood and operationalized as a concrete instrument towards health equity.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o progresso nas estruturas organizacionais, mecanismos, estratégias, e fatores habilitadores e barreiras para a integração do gênero (IG) na saúde na Guatemala, na Guiana e no Peru, dado o papel da IG na abordagem das desigualdades de gênero na saúde como um dos principais impulsionadores estruturais da equidade em saúde. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma análise das leis, políticas e/ou documentos de programa e entrevistas qualitativas semi-estruturadas junto a 37 informantes, extraídos da literatura cinza. A análise foi efetuada com base em uma estrutura teórica que incluiu 7 categorias consideradas essenciais para promover a IG no setor da saúde. RESULTADOS: Apesar dos esforços significativos e das experiências acumuladas na IG na saúde, as barreiras estruturais incluem: os desafios sociais mais amplos de transformar relacionamentos desiguais de poder; a complexidade dos sistemas de saúde associada à baixa capacidade técnica, política e financeira das instituições encarregadas pela IG; e a coordenação limitada (e muitas vezes fraca) com as Maquinarias Nacionais de Mulheres (NWM, na sigla em inglês). Em alguns contextos, as barreiras são exacerbadas pela compreensão limitada de conceitos básicos nas bases da IG (às vezes agravadas por mal entendidos relacionados à intersecção com homens e/ou o envolvimento deles); e a ausência de indicadores para medir resultados concretos da IG e seu impacto. CONCLUSÕES: Para que a IG ocorra de fato, é necessária uma pauta mais estratégica e transformadora, elaborada e implementada em coordenação com as NWM e a sociedade civil, e fazendo referência a organismos externos (por exemplo, Comitê sobre a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher) para que a integração inclua não só o processo, mas que forneça, além disso, uma diferenciação mais clara entre a sensibilidade às questões de gênero e a transformação das relações de gênero, e defina os resultados esperados e os indicadores para medir os avanços. A partir de então, elas poderiam ser melhor documentadas e sistematizadas, permitindo um melhor entendimento sobre a IG e sua operacionalização como instrumento concreto rumo à equidade na saúde.

Mulheres das ciências médicas e da saúde e publicações brasileiras sobre Covid-19 / Women of medical and health sciences and Brazilian publications on Covid-19

RESUMO Apesar do aumento histórico da participação feminina na produção científica brasileira, reconfigurações domésticas e laborais para o controle da Covid-19 podem estar reduzindo a produtividade das mulheres cientistas. A pesquisa GenCovid-Br objetivou traçar um panorama da participação feminina nos artigos sobre Covid-19 das ciências médicas e da saúde, disponibilizados no PubMed, com ao menos um autor de filiação brasileira. Das 1.013 publicações até 14 de agosto de 2020, 6,1% foram escritas exclusivamente por mulheres; 17,2%, exclusivamente por homens; grupos mistos respondem por 31,1% com liderança feminina, e 45,6% com liderança masculina. As mulheres participam mais de artigos com primeira autoria feminina (50,1% vs 35,6% nos liderados por homens). Nos artigos de áreas da Medicina Clínica, em que as mulheres são maioria, ocorre menos participação de autoras, o que também acontece em publicações resultantes de colaborações internacionais. Os presentes resultados indicam a possibilidade de ampliação de desigualdades de gênero prévias durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Novos estudos devem aprofundar a investigação sobre a magnitude e os determinantes desse fenômeno, incluindo análises temporais. As políticas institucionais devem considerar as iniquidades de gênero nas avaliações acadêmicas, prevenindo impactos futuros nas carreiras das mulheres, em particular, das jovens pesquisadoras envolvidas na reprodução social.

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing historical participation of women in Brazilian scientific production, domestic and labor reconfiguration for the control of the Covid-19 pandemic is likely to reduce women scientists' productivity. The GenCovid-Br Research aimed to outline a panorama of female production in Covid-19 papers in medical and health sciences, available in PubMed, with at least one author with Brazilian affiliation. From the 1,013 publications by August 14, 2020, 6.1% were written exclusively by women, 17.2% exclusively by men, 31.1% were mixed with female leadership, and 45.6% were mixed with male leadership. Women participated in more papers led by women (50.1% vs. 35.6% in those led by men). Papers in Clinical Medicine, where female researchers are predominant, have fewer female authors, occurring in publications resulting from international collaborations. Our results point to the possible expansion of previous gender inequalities during the Covid-19 pandemic. New studies should deepen the investigation of the magnitude and determinants of such phenomenon, including temporal analyses. Institutional policies must consider gender inequalities in academic assessments, preventing future impacts on women's careers, particularly young researchers involved in social reproduction.

The effect of a situation model nursing education action program on gender-bias awareness and gender-friendliness barriers in novice nursing students.

AIM: This study presents a workshop on the Situation Model Nursing Education Action program, examines how to promote gender awareness and decrease barriers related to differences in gender friendliness through the implementation of this program and tracks the trends of the relevant variables. DESIGN: Pre- and post-observations and a cohort study were conducted. METHODS: A total of 58 nursing students (42 females and 16 males) were included. Nursing students were offered a gender-care intervention as two 90-minute workshops and surveys that measure gender awareness and gender friendliness were administered. RESULTS: The results concerned gender-bias awareness and gender-friendliness barriers scores across the four weeks of the program intervention, with the generalized estimated difference score compared with the Week 1 baseline. Mean student scores showed that gender-bias awareness was significantly decreased at Week 2 (p < .001) and Week 4 (p < .001) and that mean gender-friendliness barrier scores significantly declined at Week 4 (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that a faculty professional learning community workshop that facilitates intentional behavioral change can help faculty to become aware of gender bias, which can improve students' gender awareness through clinical case discussion and lead to a decline in barriers to students' gender friendliness.

From the Inside Out: Gender Mainstreaming and Organizational Culture Within the Aid Sector.

Many international non-government organizations (INGOs) implement interventions designed to promote gender equality, investing significant resources into embedding gender considerations into programmes through the strategy of gender mainstreaming. However, despite their altruistic mission, INGOs place less focus on addressing culture and power hierarchies within their organizations. This article suggests that many INGOs fail to walk the talk on gender equality. Through an analysis of recent challenges facing the development and humanitarian aid sector, including gaps in safeguarding and #AidToo, this paper emphasizes the importance of addressing gender equality from the inside out. It draws on feminist perspectives, the notion of the "deep structure" of organizations and the author's own experiences to argue for the need to address gendered, racial and colonial power hierarchies within the organizational culture of INGOs. The article argues that it is no longer sufficient to reduce gender mainstreaming and inclusion to programming interventions, and that INGOs need to reflexively and intentionally tackle power and inequalities within their own culture and structures.

Have Policies Tackled Gender Inequalities in Health? A Scoping Review.

Gender is recognized as one of the most relevant determinants of health inequalities. This scoping review sought to identify and analyse policies, either implemented or formulated as proposals, which aimed to reduce gender inequalities in health. We searched Medline, Web of Science, and Scielo. Of 2895 records, 91 full text articles were analysed, and 33 papers were included. Of these papers, 22 described the process of formulation, implementation, or evaluation of policies whose aim was to reduce gender inequalities in health; six focused on recommendations, and the remaining five dealt with both issues. Our review showed that the policies aimed at reducing gender inequalities in health, either implemented or formulated as proposals, are scarce. Moreover, despite some success, overall progress has been slow. The studies show failures in design and particularly in the implementation process. We found a lack of awareness and capacity in the policy-making progress, under-financing, bureaucratization, shortage of relevant data, and absence of women's participation in decision-making. Therefore, an emphasis on the design and implementation of gender-sensitive policies seems essential to advance gender equality in health. This scoping review gathers evidence to support the design of such policies and recommendations that can facilitate their implementation.

Gender equality and health equity: strategic lessons from country experiences of gender mainstreaming in health.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze progress in organizational structures, mechanisms, strategies, and enabling factors and barriers towards gender mainstreaming (GM) in health in Guatemala, Guyana, and Peru, given GM's role in addressing gender inequalities in health as a key structural driver of health equity. METHODS: Data was obtained through a grey literature review of laws, policies, and/or program documents and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 37 informants. Analysis was based on a theoretical framework including 7 categories considered essential to advance GM in the health sector. RESULTS: Despite significant efforts and accumulated experiences of GM in health, structural barriers include: wider societal challenges of transforming gender unequal power relations; health system complexity combined with the low technical, political, and financial capacity of institutional structures tasked with GM; and limited coordination with (often weak) National Women's Machineries (NWMs). In some contexts, barriers are compounded by limited understanding of basic concepts underlying GM (at times exacerbated by misunderstandings related to intersectionality and/or engagement with men) and the absence of indicators to measure GM's concrete results and impact. CONCLUSIONS: Successful GM requires a more strategic and transformational agenda, developed and implemented in coordination with NWMs and civil society and with reference to external bodies (e.g. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) to go beyond process, with clearer distinction between gender sensitivity and gender transformation, and definition of expected results and indicators to measure advances. These then could be better documented and systematized, enabling GM to be more broadly understood and operationalized as a concrete instrument towards health equity.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar el progreso en las estructuras, mecanismos y estrategias organizativas, así como los factores y las barreras, que favorecen la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la salud en Guatemala, Guyana y Perú, dado el papel que ello desempeña en el abordaje de las desigualdades de género en la salud como un motor estructural clave de la equidad en salud. MÉTODOS: Se obtuvieron datos a partir de la literatura gris de leyes, políticas o documentos de programas y entrevistas cualitativas semiestructuradas con 37 informantes. El análisis se basó en un marco teórico que incluía 7 categorías consideradas esenciales para avanzar la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el sector de la salud. RESULTADOS: A pesar de los importantes esfuerzos y las experiencias acumuladas respecto de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el sector de la salud persisten obstáculos estructurales, como desafíos sociales más amplios para transformar las relaciones de poder desiguales entre los géneros; la complejidad del sistema de salud combinada con una baja capacidad técnica, política y financiera de las estructuras institucionales encargadas de abordar el tema; y la limitada coordinación con las instituciones nacionales dedicadas a la promoción de la mujer (a menudo débiles). En algunos contextos, los obstáculos se ven agravados por la limitada comprensión de los conceptos básicos subyacentes a la perspectiva de género (a veces exacerbada por una comprensión limitada de la interseccionalidad o el compromiso con los hombres) y la ausencia de indicadores para medir los resultados y el impacto concreto de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género. CONCLUSIONES: Para que la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la salud sea satisfactoria se requiere una agenda más estratégica y transformadora, elaborada e implementada en coordinación con las instituciones nacionales de promoción de la mujer y la sociedad civil y vinculada a instancias externas (p. ej., el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer). Es necesario, asimismo, una distinción más clara entre los enfoques sensibles al género y aquellos transformativos de las relaciones desiguales de género, y una definición de los resultados previstos y los indicadores para medir los avances. Estos podrían entonces documentarse y sistematizarse mejor, lo que permitiría que la perspectiva de género se comprendiera más ampliamente y se pusiera en práctica como instrumento concreto para lograr la equidad en salud.

The Role of Gender in Adolescent Dating Abuse: An Interpretive Meta-Synthesis of the Qualitative Literature.

The role of gender has received considerable attention in the academic literature on intimate partner violence (IPV). The Grand Challenges for Social Work take a gender-neutral approach, without regard to the influence of gender on adolescent development and dating relationships. This positioning is inconsistent with gender mainstreaming approaches that have been integrated into international framings of IPV. The purpose of this article is to conduct a qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis to investigate how gender is represented in research on adolescent dating abuse across qualitative literature (N = 17 articles). Results underscore that gender influences the impact of abuse, with female adolescents more likely to be fearful in relationships, at higher risk for damage to their social standing, and more likely to be blamed for the abuse. Gender-specific attitudes affect perceptions of the seriousness of abuse, antecedents of abuse, and rationales for perpetrating violence. Findings across the studies indicate that adolescents have internalized gender scripts. Therefore, strategies to prevent dating abuse need to be cognizant of the socializing role of gender and the myriad ways it influences adolescents' lived experiences. Therefore, the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare should consider revising the language of the existing challenges to mainstream gender.

Gender Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea: A Common Challenge and Call for Action.

This study aims to analyze South Korea's experience during the COVID-19 outbreak through a gendered lens. We briefly introduce the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea, scrutinize gendered vulnerability in contracting the virus, and then analyze the gendered aspects of the pandemic response in two phases: quarantine policy and mitigation policy. The authors elicit four lessons from the analysis. First, gender needs to be mainstreamed at all stages of a public health emergency response. Second, in addition to medical care, all formal and informal care work should be considered as an essential component of health care systems. Third, a people-centered approach in health governance should be prioritized to make women's voices heard at every level. Fourth, medical technology and resources to cope with pandemic should be produced and distributed in an equitable manner, acknowledging differential vulnerability and susceptibility.

Gender mainstreaming: A lasting solution to disaster risk reduction.

Disasters threaten resources as well as displace millions of people globally. It is undisputable that disasters have gender dimensions. However, most African countries are still lagging behind as far as the holistic integration of gender mainstreaming into national policies, particularly on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). The purpose of this article was to unpack the consequence of overlooking gender in DRR, thereby highlighting its importance. The study followed a comparative study design, by using two case studies of Mumbwa District in Zambia and Chivi District in Zimbabwe. The specific objectives were to examine the disaster risks in both Mumbwa and Chivi districts, analyse the DRR strategies used in both districts and highlight the critical success factors derived from gender mainstreaming in DRR in these cases. Findings showed that gender mainstreaming is not only an important tool in DRR but also a sustainable development initiative. Despite challenges faced by countries in DRR, gender mainstreaming should always be considered as their first line of action in DRR.